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The Ego, Superego and Id
Coon, Dennis. Essentials of Psychology. Ninth edition. Wadsworth, United States, 2003.
What is an ego boundary? What does it mean if that boundary is absent or breached? The ego boundary is a theoretical construct that explains how [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], in normal belief systems, people distinguish between themselves and others, between the real and unreal. In psychosis, this boundary is not functioning properly.
Walt Whitman Accessed July 24, 2010.
Examples of poor ego boundaries can be found in literature. P.K. Dick's science fiction novels feature a pink light that beams information into the head of the main character. Less obvious are the lines penned by the famous American poet, Walt Whitman that can be interpreted as expressing a poor ego boundary. Whitman wrote, "I celebrate myself; And what I assume you shall assume; For every atom belonging to me, as good as belongs to you."
The loss of distinction between oneself and another is not to be considered the same as a transcendent spiritual experience, according to Dr. Stephen Diamond. Transcendental states, while seemingly similar, are to be considered distinct from psychosis.
Paul Federn--1872-1950 Accessed July 24, 2010.
Whereas Sigmund Freud developed the concept of the ego as a separate entity from the superego and id, Paul Federn [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], an associate of Sigmund Freud, and one-time director of the Viennese Psychoanalytic Society has been credited with developing the concept of ego boundaries. An ego boundary is the distinction between self and others, as well as the distinction between the real and unreal.
Normalcy, Neurosis and Psychosis (Part 2) : What is Psychosis and is it Predictable? Accessed July 24, 2010.
An improperly functioning ego boundary is one of the hallmarks of psychosis. In normal thought [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], people distinguish between the real and unreal, between themselves and others.
Paul Federn and Psychosis
The ego has been defined as the "(e)xecutive part of personality that directs behavior." The ego must negotiate between the demands of the id (the natural, instinctive part of the personality) and the superego (the ethical, moral dimension of personality) as well as "deal with external reality."
Paul Federn, who is credited as being the first psychoanalysist to treat psychotics, noted that the ability to make the distinction between self and non-self grew out of the bodily sense of an infant. An infant comes to realize that his or her own body encompasses the part of the world over which he or she has control, developing the sense of ego. Federn also noted that in psychotic patients, this concept was not functioning.
References:
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Individuation and Growth of Wholeness
Carl Gustav Jung Philosophy
Ego and Enlightenment
Psychotics often believe that things outside of themselves compelled them to action. Victor Tausk referred to this as the "influencing machine" found in schizophrenic belief systems. Schizophrenics may believe that electricity, energy or something similar influences their minds.
Ego Boundaries and Transcendence
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